Spring 2022 Mid Term Submission

1. leptin resistance
- increased orexigenic peptide hormones
- decreased anorexigenic peptide hormones
2. insulin resistance
- causes type 2 diabetes
- impaired cellular insulin signaling/glucose uptake/glucose tolerance
3. metaflammation link between obesity and diabetes
- inflammatory reaction inhibits insulin signaling
4. leptin function
- adipose tissue produces leptin
- reduction in apetite
5. leptin signaling
- jak2 activation is impaired
- stat3 phosphorylation is impaired
6. pathology of insulin resistance
- IRS pathway
7. PI3K pathway
8. AKT pathway
9. PIP3 pathway
10. PDK1 pathway

11. metabolism
- low GH/IGFI and calorie restriction
12. ROS
- antioxidant defenses
13. p53 pathway
- DNA repair and stability
14. damaged cells lead to
- tissue dysfunction (aging)
- oncogenic proliferation (cancer)
15. convergent mechanisms
- ROS is main source of damage
16. FOXO3/SIRT1/PGC1a/KLOTHO/AKT
17. p53 mouse model for aging
- normal/delayed/accelerated aging
18. divergent mechanisms
- mitogenic signaling leads to stem-cell proliferation and longevity
- oncogenic signaling leads to cancer
- telomere shortening (INK4a)

19. cardiomyocyte electrophysiology
20. cardiac cycle
- volume/pressure
- systole/diastole
- electrocardiogram/phonocardiogram
21. electrophysiology
- potassium channels
- equilibrium (nernst) potential
22. cellular membrane potential
- K+ is near equilibrium
- Na+ and Ca2+ want to depolarize the cell
23. ventricular monocyte cardiac action potential
- K+ and CA2+ currents
24. pumps that maintain cellular ion gradients
- ATPases
- SERCA (calcium pump)
- PMCA (plasma membrane calcium pump)
- NCX (sodium-calcium exchange)
25. cardiac conduction system
- SA node depolarization
26. calcium cycling in cardiomyocyte
- NCX and SERCA pathways

27. balancer chromosome
28. mutagenesis
- EMS
- x-ray
- p-element
29. insulin/IGF-1, TOR-S6K, Sir2 pathways
30. alzheimer's in drosophila